Class 12 NCERT • Biology (New Syllabus)
Class 12 Biology Ch 12: Ecosystem
Select a topic or study module below to explore ecosystem structure and function, productivity, decomposition, energy flow, food chains and webs, ecological pyramids, nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorus), ecological succession, ecosystem services, and textbook review questions.
Topic 01 • Structure & Productivity
Exploring Biotic and Abiotic Components, Stratification, Gross Primary Productivity (GPP), and Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
Topic 02 • Decomposition
Analyzing Fragmentation, Leaching, Catabolism, Humification, Mineralisation, and Climatic Regulation of Decay
Topic 03 • Energy Flow & Trophic Levels
Studying Solar Radiation Capture, Lindeman’s Ten Percent Law, Food Chains, Food Webs, and Trophic Level Transfer
Topic 04 • Ecological Pyramids
Investigating Upright vs Inverted Pyramids, Pyramid of Numbers in Grasslands/Trees, Biomass in Aquatic Systems, and Energy Pyramids
Topic 05 • Ecological Succession
Examining Primary and Secondary Succession, Pioneer Communities, Seral Stages, Climax Community, Hydrarch, and Xerarch Succession
Topic 06 • Nutrient Cycling
Analyzing Biogeochemical Cycles, Gaseous Carbon Cycle, Sedimentary Phosphorus Cycle, and Reservoir Pools
Topic 07 • Ecosystem Services
Studying Climate Regulation, Soil Formation, Nutrient Cycling, Pollination, Robert Costanza Price Valuations, and Conservation
Module 08 • Solutions & Chapter Review