Class 12 NCERT • Biology (New Syllabus)
Class 12 Biology Ch 04: Principles of Inheritance and Variation
Select a topic or study module below to explore Mendel’s laws of inheritance, inheritance of two genes, sex determination, mutation, genetic disorders, chromosomal aberrations, pedigree analysis, and comprehensive textbook review questions.
Topic 01 • Mendel’s Laws & Monohybrid Cross
Exploring Mendel’s Experiments, True-Breeding Lines, Dominance, Segregation, and Punnett Square Analysis
Topic 02 • Non-Mendelian Inheritance
Analyzing Incomplete Dominance in Mirabilis jalapa, Co-dominance, Multiple Alleles, and ABO Blood Grouping
Topic 03 • Dihybrid Cross & Independent Assortment
Studying Law of Independent Assortment, Dihybrid Phenotypic Ratios (9:3:3:1), and Test Cross Calculations
Topic 04 • Chromosomal Theory & Linkage
Investigating Sutton and Boveri Theory, Morgan’s Drosophila Experiments, Linkage, and Recombination Frequency
Topic 05 • Sex Determination
Examining XX-XY, XX-XO, ZW-ZZ Systems, Male/Female Heterogamety, and Environmental Sex Determination
Topic 06 • Mutation
Analyzing Point Mutations, Frameshift Mutations, Mutagenic Agents, and Chromosomal Aberrations
Topic 07 • Genetic Disorders & Pedigree
Studying Haemophilia, Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle-Cell Anaemia, Phenylketonuria, Down Syndrome, Turner Syndrome, and Pedigree Analysis
Module 08 • Solutions & Chapter Review