Class 12 NCERT • Biology (New Syllabus)
Class 12 Biology Ch 09: Biotechnology – Principles and Processes
Select a topic or study module below to explore principles of biotechnology, restriction enzymes, cloning vectors, competent host preparation, recombinant DNA technology processes, PCR, bioreactors, downstream processing, and comprehensive review questions.
Topic 01 • Principles of Biotechnology
Exploring Core Techniques, Genetic Engineering, Maintenance of Sterile Environments, and Plasmid Replication Origins
Topic 02 • Restriction Enzymes
Analyzing Nomenclature, Palindromic Recognition Sequences, Sticky Ends, Blunt Ends, and DNA Ligase Action
Topic 03 • Cloning Vectors
Studying Plasmid Features, pBR322 Anatomy, Selectable Markers, Antibiotic Resistance Genes, and Insertional Inactivation
Topic 04 • Competent Host & Gene Transfer
Investigating Divalent Calcium Ion Treatment, Heat Shock Method, Microinjection, Biolistics Gene Gun, and Disarmed Pathogens
Topic 05 • DNA Isolation & Gel Electrophoresis
Examining Cell Lysis, Ethanol Precipitation, Agarose Gel Principles, Ethidium Bromide Staining, and DNA Band Elution
Topic 06 • Polymerase Chain Reaction
Analyzing Amplification Steps, Denaturation, Annealing, Extension, Primers, and Thermostable Taq DNA Polymerase
Topic 07 • Bioreactors & Downstream Processing
Studying Simple Stirred-Tank and Sparged Bioreactors, Product Recovery, Purification, and Quality Control Testing
Module 08 • Solutions & Chapter Review