Class 9 NCERT • Understanding Society: India and Beyond (New Syllabus)
Ch 02: Shaping of the Earth’s Surface
Select a topic or study module below to explore internal and external earth forces, plate tectonics, weathering, river and glacial landforms, desert wind dynamics, human-environment links, and textbook solutions.
Topic 01 • Internal & External Forces
Understanding Endogenic Processes (Uplift/Folding) and Exogenic Forces (Weathering/Erosion)
Topic 02 • Plate Tectonics
Exploring Tectonic Plates, Mantle Convection Currents, and Convergent/Divergent Boundaries
Topic 03 • Weathering & Soils
Examining Physical, Chemical, and Biological Weathering Mechanisms That Build Topsoil
Topic 04 • Rivers & Water Action
Analyzing Running Water, Waterfalls, Meanders, and Fertile Alluvial Delta Formations
Topic 05 • Glaciers & Coasts
Investigating U-Shaped Valleys, Moraines, Ocean Waves, and Marine Erosional Features
Topic 06 • Wind & Deserts
Studying Sand Dunes, Barchans, Yardangs, and Wind Erosion Effects in Arid Regions
Topic 07 • Human Interactions
Connecting Ecosystems, River Basins, and Natural Topography to Human Settlements and History
Module 08 • Solutions & Quiz